Social Factors Affecting HRM

Social Factors Affecting HRM HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Social Factors Influencing Human Resource Management and Planning The human resource management is heavily affected by the internal and external influences on an organisation. To figure out as to what extent the external factors affect the human resources, one of the prominent external features out of these are social factors. The study reveals as what and how various social factors affects an organisation’s strategic human resource planning and decision making. The study on various articles include social factors such as: worker unions at workplace, minorities, social status, uniform or dressing, social mobility and quality of life affects human resource practices. Health and safety, job security, the privacy of employees, the roles of different sex, rights of gay or lesbian etc. affect the different aspects of HRM. Human resource planning and management helps in assuring employee rights, providing equal benefits for gay or lesbian employees, rewards and recognition policy for staff. Creating healthy working environment for all, abuse or ra cism free working culture, managing different sex at workplace. (Stone, 2010). The study also focuses on how the changing values and attitude of the staff poses new challenges for the human resource. These external influences must be efficiently identified by the HR managers and then adequate planning and management must be done in accordance with these factors to provide a safe, sound, secure and healthy environment for the employees. The motivation behind this examination is to focus the scope of working environment considers that impact worker view of their workplace as what is casually alluded to as a fun work environment. Social holding is subsidiary of positive social practices that are characterized by methodology instead of withdrawal or evasion sort practices. (Curtis Upchurch, 2008). The social aspects of work environment leads to employee turnover such as hotel size, rating etc. and it also leads to the productivity of employee turnover (Brien, Hussein, Thomas, 2013). The article suggests that retention is important for job satisfaction. Work fulfilment turned into a noteworthy develop that encourages strength predominantly by diminishing turnover. Also, fulfilled workers attempt endeavour to end up capable at what they do, build their loyalty to the association and serve clients in a more productive way. (Israeli Barkan, 2003). â€Å"Employee’s behaviour assessment, which is based on indust rial settings, should be reconfigured in order to suit the tourism and hospitality sector as well as imply the indicators of the customer–employee relation within the assessment†, as said by Saad (2013, p. 341). The study highlights the importance of HR and trade unions to enhance the productivity, protection and the employee welfare, preserving jobs (Daemone, 2014).It also tells how trade unions working with human resources helps in providing excellent working environment, practising labour laws and preserve rights of employee (Boardman Barbato, 2008). This study tells the factors that influence the labour turnover in an organisation and also attempts to review as how employee turnover, employment factors, and employee satisfaction are linked. It provides the framework that explains the relationship between job satisfaction and the employee satisfaction in terms of service quality and customer loyalty (AlBattat, Mat Son, Helalat, 2014).Management strategies that enhances different individuals with the internal control locus might increase on one’s job satisfaction since strengthening is harmonious with the workers interior locus convictions that they have control over their own behaviour. It also emphasis on the relationship between employee job locus and their job satisfaction (Salazar, Hubbard, Salazar, 2002). The research (AlHrout Mohamed, 2014) analysed the behaviour i.e. employee- employer relationship, of the employees in a hospitality industry in general and the front-line staff’s behaviour is linked to hotel’s business and can improve the quality of the services rendered by them. The social external factors (Ongori, Iravo, Munene, 2013) not only provide ultimate employee satisfaction but also provides various opportunities in career that has important effect on employee morale and motivation, also these factors that generally affect an employee motivation are family relations and job commitment, that are witnessed prominently in city and coastal hotels whereas reward factor is more effective in city hotels, it isn’t that effective in the coastal hotels (Kingir Mesci, 2010). According to Cheung, Baum and Wong (2010), the comprehension of strengthening by hotel administrators in China identifies with the degree to which the responsible directors or the managers have individual trust for the employees. This study also tells about the commitment of the staff to devolve responsibilities of HR across all the employees and offers significant ramifications for worldwide hotel organizations wanting to situate in a desired location and looking to apply the established strengthening and empowerment approaches inside the hotels of that location (Fleming, 2000).The study yields results that HRM practices arbitrate the uniting of business strategy and employee outcomes. Also the collective effects of business strategies and human resource practices on the workers in MNCs are not much different from the ones that are carried out in hotel organizations (The impact of strategic human resource management on employee outcomes in private and public limited comapanies in Ma laysia, 2013). The study in New Zealand shows at least 22% people work 50 hours a week and this is a great example to signify the workplace as an appropriate environment to promote the health and wellbeing of working class. The work environment acts crucially in the advertisement of health and supporting health conditions with joy of work. Also the workplace programmes, management support helps in establishing their employees feel that their employer is committed to their health and wellbeing (A guide to promoting health and wellness in the workplace, 2012).The understanding of the employee attitudes and their effect on the business results are furthermore complicated in yesteryears by the new era of service workers. The initial analysis of data from the researcher’s study of generation’s differences in employee attitudes yields that there are still major differences in all, but only one key work-related behaviour (Health and safety for hospitality small business, 2002). The same has been agreed by Solnet and Kralj (2011). The article records out issues which influence the adequacy and proficiency of a human resource planning and administration in an association. Among the ranges in this talk are, planning; progression learning; maturing workforce; devotion; expanding number of female employers; uncertain sets of expectations and determinations; debilitated specialists, proactive employers; slow learners; and aptitude inadequacies of the workforce (Gopalakrishnan, 2012).The need of understanding the human resources is to make it effective in workplace, to share the values amongst the staff. The HRM is used as a term that helps in enclosing various human resource practices such as recruiting, training, directing human resource policies and embracing the HR philosophies amongst the workforce (Jackson Schuler, 1995). Social security, that deals with the health and safety of the employees. The management decision effects the employees and it is the responsibility under HR practices of providing a safe a secure environment, as talked about the Iranian hotels in the article (Tabibi, Khah, Nariripour, Vahdat, Hessam, 2011).The rights of the employee are important and sensitive in a workplace. The article talks about the key points of record keeping of employees and the use of biometrics. As how the employee record and information are kept secret and how biometric has become a significant tool in roster planning and payroll (Babu, 2007).The article emphasis on the employee attitudes in attaining ultimate job satisfaction. It basically talks about the causes of employee behaviour, the outcomes of positive or the negative job satisfaction, and how to record and effect employee attitudes. Also it is talked about as how to close these gaps in employee demand and job satisfaction (Saari Judge, 2004).The article states that how HR practices may lead to firm growth rate. The practices that may lead to the firm growth rate are a job security, management’s selective hiring, a self-driven teams, remuneration policy, the rigorous training with the staff and the flow of information sharing (Vlachos, 2009). Various studies refers to an imbalanced distribution of the income between male and female employees in the hotels and hospitality industry, with the earnings of females are less than the males. In various developing countries, women are less empowered in comparison to males, due to the visible and invisible challenges. These factors often reflect in hiring, recruitment, promotions etc. (K, Musa, Ibrahim, 2010). As quickly talked about above with the backing of distinctive scholarly and expert diary articles the paper finishes up by depicting how all the outside social compelling components influence the hotel’s key human asset administration arranging. The paper covers the variables, for example, work fulfilment which is specifically proportionate to the view of individual workers with respect to their occupations which straightforwardly impacts the lodgings worker turnover. It is comprehended that to hold a representative and to keep them fulfilled by their occupation and workplace, the worker should be spurred through distinctive means. The articles studied connects certain elements, the preparation and advancement of individual staff individuals in their territories of interest. Their general wellbeing, security and employer stability with the inspiration of staff and their maintenance to the employment and the hotel organizations. The human resources li kewise differentiates strategies, for example, rewards or recognitions that may be in monetary terms related or others as said above helps boosting the morale and in the ultimate staff satisfaction. The administration and representative’s helps in supervising and the execution of work laws and to reach an agreement between the management and trade unions that provides an excellent workplace. This also helps in providing equal opportunities are given to all genders, prominently gay and lesbians. Works Cited A guide to promoting health and wellness in the workplace. (2012, December). 1-5. AlBattat, A. R., Mat Son, A. P., Helalat, A. S. (2014, Febuary). Higher dissatisfaction higer turnover in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(2), 45-50. Retrieved June 14, 2015, from http://hrmars.com/hrmars_papers/Higher_Dissatisfaction_Higher_Turnover_in_the_Hospitality_Industry.pdf AlHrout, S. A., Mohamed, B. (2014). Human resource management practice tourism and hotel industry. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 2-11. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://journal-archieves31.webs.com/897-928.pdf Babu, T. (2007). Privacy rights of employer. Accomodation association of Australia, 23-26. Retrieved June 18, 2015 Boardman, J., Barbato, C. (2008). Review of socially responsible HR and labour relations practice in internationsl hotel chains. International Labour Organization, 9-14. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_dialogue/sector/documents/publication/wcms_162286.pdf Brien, A., Thomas, N., Hussein, A. (2013). The low level of organizational social capital in hotel A New Zealand case study. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 12, 400-413. Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=2hid=4114 Cheung, C., Baum, T., Wong, A. (2010). Factors affecting employee empowerment practics in China hotels. Journal of Business Research, 7(3), 1-11. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/26542/36/strathprints026542.pdf Curtis, C. R., Upchurch, R. S. (2008). A case study in establishing a positive culture: Attachment and invlovement in the workplace. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, 7, 131-138. Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=1hid=4114 Daemone, M. M. (2014). Human resources management (HRM) and trade unions compatibility: Soft-Hard model digestion for human capacity building and sustainable productivity at workplace. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 5(7), 121-130. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://jetems.scholarlinkresearch.com/articles/HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT.pdf Fleming, S. (2000). From personnel management to HRM: Key issues and challenges. Journal of CPMR, 11, 8-13. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from .http://www.ipa.ie/pdf/cpmr/CPMR_DP_16_Personnel_Management_to_HR_ KeyIssues_Challenges.pdf Gopalakrishnan, G. (2012). Issues that influences the effectiveness and efficiency of a human resource management in an organisation. Internal Journal of Economics Management Sciences , 1(6), 65-70. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://omicsonline.com/open-access/issues-that-influences-the-effectiveness-and-efficiency-of-a-human-resource-management-in-an-organisation-2162-6359-1-056.pdf?aid=17177 Health and safety for hospitality small business. (2002). Workers Compensation Board of British Colunbia, 6, 8-28. Retrieved June 11, 2015, from http://www.healthandsafetycentre.org/resources/hospitality/hosp_smbiz.pdf Israeli, A. A., Barkan, R. (2003). The impact of hotel social events on employee satisfaction: A case study. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 2(2), 24-39. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=2hid=4114 Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S. (1995). Understanding human resources management in the context of organizations and their environments. 46, 251-254. Retrieved June 13, 2015, from http://www3.ul.ie/ulearning/html files/global hrm/pdfs/Understanding HR Management in the Context of Organizations.pdf K, M. M., Musa, P., Ibrahim, B. (2010, Febuary). Gender bias in managing human resources in the Turkish hospitality industry: Is bias impacted by demographic context? ASBBS, 17(1), 479-483. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://asbbs.org/files/2010/ASBBS2010v1/PDF/B/Birkan.pdf Kingir, S., Mesci, M. (2010). Factors that affect hotel employees motivation the case of Bodrum. Serbian Journal of Management, 5(1), 59-67. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://www.sjm06.com/SJM ISSN1452-4864/5_1_2010_May_1-188/5_1_59-76.pdf Ongori, J. L., Iravo, M., Munene, C. E. (2013). Factors afecting performance of hotels and restaurants in Kenya: A case KISII Country. Interdiciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business , 4(12), 897-907. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from http://journal-archieves31.webs.com/897-928.pdf Saad, S. K. (2013). Contemporary challenges of human resources planning in tourism and hospitality organizations: A conceptual model. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism(12), 333-354. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]vid=3hid=101 Saari, L. M., Judge, T. A. (2004). Employee attitudes and job satisafaction. Human Resource Management, Winter, 43(4), 395-407. Retrieved from http://www.utm.edu/staff/mikem/documents/jobsatisfaction.pdf Salazar, J., Hubbard, S., Salazar, L. (2002). Locus of control and its influence on hotel managers job satisfaction. Journal of Huma Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 1(2), 15-26. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]vid=1hid=101 Solnet, D., Kralj, A. (2011). Generational differeneces in work attitudes: Evidence from the hospitality industry. Journal of FIU Review, 29(2), 37-42. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]4vid=1hid=4207 Stone, R. J. (2010). Managing Human Resources. Milton, Queensland, Australia: John Wiley and Sons. Tabibi, J. S., Khah, S. V., Nariripour, A. A., Vahdat, S., Hessam, S. (2011). Factors affecting human resource development in the Iranian social security organizations hospitals. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(2), 164-173. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.390.1758rep=rep1type=pdf The impact of strategic human resource management on employee outcomes in private and public limited comapanies in Malaysia. (2013, September). ISS MLB, 175-193. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from http://ibac-conference.org/ISS MLB 2013/Papers/MLB 2013/3028..doc.pdf Vlachos, I. P. (2009). The effects of human resource practics on firm growth. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 4(2), 18-30. Retrieved June 11, 2015, from http://www.business-and-management.org/library/2009/4_217-34-Vlachos.pdf

Advantages Disadvantages Of Internet For Research Purposes Information Technology Essay

Advantages Disadvantages Of Internet For Research Purposes Information Technology Essay The Internet is a very powerful worldwide instrument, which serves as a good source for research work and learning. It generates current information, facts-finding, and is the most outstanding invention in the area of communication in the history of human race. The Internet has been very useful to mankind in the aspect of learning and research development. In due course, this essay emphasizes on details of advantages and disadvantages of the Internet in relation to research work. Advantages: Easy Communication: The Internet eases of communication to the researchers; because it serves as a guidance and original source of information. It is very easy to access and at the same time saves time thereby allowing an individual to manager his/her resources better and effectively. Additionally, the Internet is very convenient because an individual can easily carry out a research work at home with much comfort and convenience. The internet is a valuable search tool and has been informative for academic research, as it helps significantly to improve research skills, and makes learning visual and easy to follow.  [1]   Comparatively Inexpensive and Quick Dispersion of Information: The Internet creates a comparatively inexpensive avenue for releasing information and articles. Subsequently, several organizations and individuals can now circulate information to millions of users. In due course, researchers could assess and make use of this circulated information and articles for their work, thereby giving them a broader idea and knowledge in their work. Additionally, there is a spontaneous dispersion of information to various users of the internet when such information is being added to a web site. As regards this, millions of users including researchers would browse through these information and subsequently use them for their work. Hence the web is then regarded as a paragon medium for disseminating information because it removes the time wasting in between publishing content and making it available to users. Wealth of Information: Furthermore, the Internet is a wealth of information and very advantageous in various reasons; students delve into the Internet to gather lots of very useful academic information for research purposes; and the information contained on the Internet can be useful for academic research. It is a potential research tool and opens up a new and comprehensive source of information. In another development, information is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering to the users. The Internet is an apparent treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. Sending E-mail Messages and Receiving Feedbacks: With the help of the Internet the user could send e-mails to colleagues, friends, co-workers etc, either to get more information from them or pass on the acquired information to them. In view of this the Internet could be regarded as a powerful content publishing tool because there are some application software embedded in the Internet that enable such transmission and transfer of information from one user to another. Consequently, these applications will allow and assist the researcher to develop content for the World Wide Web by simply saving as an HTML file. Disadvantages: Having discussed the advantages of the Internet for academic research it is worthy to mention some of its disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of the Internet is that it provides a huge amount of information thereby causing information overload. In due course, one can easily get confused with this infinite amount of titles, texts and abstracts. And because of the overwhelming information available on the Internet, one must be cautious about information obtained. Ziltrain points out that, an access provider with much less emphasis on specific content and services, retaining customers will become harder and this will adversely affect the systems utility for others.  [2]   There are no standards, that is, no process to check information accurately. Most information in the Internet does not go through a review process. Anyone can publish on the web, without passing the content through an editor. Pages might be written by an expert on the topic, or even a child, or a disgruntled contributor. Therefore, getting information from book or from various other printed sources in the library can guarantee that it is of high standard and peer reviewed. Additionally, it can be observed that with a large amount of information freely available on the internet, theft of personal information and misuse of this information is in abundance. In this regard from time to time people use someones information and research materials and pass it off as their own work. Also, Spamming, which is the process of sending unwanted or junk e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and consequently hinder the entire system. This in due course is regarded as an illegal activity resulting to frustrate people. As regards this, a researcher could check his e-mail to obtain some materials for his work; only to get disappointed when noticed that the e-mail was a junk. The issue of spamming extends to commercial advertising, frequently for dubious products, get-rich-quick, or semi-legal services. In due course spamming costs less to the sender but more to the receiver. In any case, spam can be prevented or stopped by installing spam filter software such as Mail washer, McAfee anti-spam software, as well as firewall. Furthermore, another disadvantage of the Internet is virus threat. In this regard, Virus is a program that interrupts the normal functioning of the computer systems. Computers that are attached to internet are more likely to be attacked by virus. In due course, this attack could result to hard disk crashing, thereby causing a big disaster on the computer. On the other hand, some unprincipled individuals have been successful in creating viruses and links that once clicked can automatically transmit ones personal e-mail addresses and other details to certain parties and even the persons bank account details in some extreme cases. Additionally, another disadvantage of the Internet for academic research is that, it is not arranged according to system and no index format. Information on the Internet is not organised; for example too many web pages for any single directory services and fees are often charged for access to specialised information. Hence, Robling indicates that focusing strictly on tight access controls, whether through strict limitations on the number of users or through the imposition of per access fees that could effectively exclude the majority of users, for example students who cannot afford it, without considering the purposes of education and research.  [3]   Conclusion: In conclusion, irrespective of the fact that the Internet has some numerous disadvantages, it can be understood that it is still very useful to mankind as in helps in medical research works and subsequent inventions, as well as produce some good interactive entertainment and multimedia. Hence, man needs the Internet to keep life going. Man asserts that, the Internet is considered not simply as a technological tool, but as a wholly new constructed environment with its own codes of practice.  [4]  

Affirmitive Action :: essays research papers

Have you ever wondered who gets to attend the country’s selective colleges and universities? The really smart kids, the hard workers, star athletes, artists, singers, mathematicians, writers, alumni children? Of course universities want them all. But what about when it comes to race? Suddenly the stakes of getting in are raised. How many African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and Whites should there be in each class? Should acceptance to a school depend on a person’s race?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well I believe that acceptance to a school shouldn’t be depended on the race of a person. I believe this because it’s like judging a book by it cover, it doesn’t always work out. Let me give you an example just because you’re Asian doesn’t mean that you’re going to be smart, know how to fix a computer, or be a crappy driver. Actually we should all be thought of equals and our race shouldn’t matter in being accepted into a college. Colleges shouldn’t administer students onto there campuses to keep diversity, but let their capability determine their entrance. College admissions should be determined by academic performance/capabilities instead of one’s ethnicity just to increase diversity in the college atmosphere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, there is another side to this raging debate over affirmative action. There are a more then a handful of minorities that are qualified for admission, but need that extra help affirmative action grants in order to get admission into that top tier university. Some of these people come from economically challenged backgrounds, they meet the requirements that universities require, but do not excel as some of more competitive students that apply. In these type of situations affirmative action, grants admission to the economically challenged student, rejecting the more qualified one. But who are we to say that the kid from the wrong side of tracks, that was raised with seven brothers and sisters, most of whom haven’t been to college; doesn’t disserve his chance to be the first in his family over the pure bread tutored child?

Kant and the Morality of Anger Essay example -- Philosophy Papers

Kant and the Morality of Anger Introduction This essay does not comprise a defence of retributive punishment, neither does it imply a rejection of deterrent punishment. The writer suggests that one possible reason for the tendency to advocate punishment of offenders with ever increasing severity can be discovered in the concept of the 'morality of anger'. It is this explanation of the phenomenon that forms the principal burden of the arguments used in this essay. The salient characteristics of the two theories of punishment, which find expression in English law, will be found below [1]. In the absence of any definitive public policy an unresolved tension exists, which derives from attempts made to reconcile the two theories, with some degree of balance, in sentencing practice. Actual sentences in the English courts are often a compromise between the demands of retribution and deterrence. Any uncertainty that may exist about which theory is being used, in particular circumstances, leads to actions which cannot be completely justified by either theory [2]. Crime and Punishment in Kant's Civil Society According to Kant's moral theory an exacting principle of respect for humanity, in the form of the person, can be reconciled with the absolute necessity of punishment, because punishment, within a properly constituted civil society, is a legitimate and necessary response to crime — punishment must comply with the moral law as a 'categorical imperative [3]. Kant's theory of retributive punishment is of particular importance, because it is one of the most coherent and consistent of the retributive theories, and has not lost its relevance in contemporary discussions [4]. Kant's civil society rest securely on th... ...Foundation Course The Open University 1986, Units 13-15 pp. 68-76 Feinberg, Joel Harmless Wrong Doing, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law Oxford 1988, pp. 159-165 Guyer, Paul (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Kant Cambridge 1992, Essay 10, 'Autonomy, obligation and virtue: An overview of Kant's moral philosophy', pp.309-341, also Essay 11, 'Politics, freedom and order: Kant's political philosophy,, pp.342-366 Hoffe, Otfried Immanuel Kant New York 1994 Honderich, T Punishment, The Supposed Justifications Oxford 1989, pp. 208-237 Paton, H J The Categorical Imperative London 1947 Rawls, John A Theory of Justice Oxford 1972 pp. 251-257 Singer, Peter A Companion to Ethics Oxford 1993 Essay 32, 'Crime and Punishment', C L Ten pp. 366-372 Sorell, Tom Moral Theory and Capital Punishment Oxford 1987 Walker, Nigel Why Punish? Oxford 1991

The Many Possible Interpretations of Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The Many Possible Interpretations of Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Towards the close of the play, Hamlet has a short exchange alone with Horatio, which seems intended to "set up" the final encounter with Laertes, the Queen, Claudius, and the whole Court, and to make absolutely clear the nature of his own involvement. The passage exists in two good versions; the second Quarto of 1604, and the Folio of 1623, which is now thought to represent Shakespeare's revision of the earlier version.11 This second text adds fourteen lines in which Hamlet seeks to justify, as "perfect conscience," his determination to kill Claudius with his own "arm"--or rather to "quit" him, which implies repaying as well.12 He then asks whether he would not be "damned" if he did nothing to eradicate "this canker of our nature" (V.ii.68-70). But even this later addition to the play does not establish a "plain and simple faith."13 We notice that Hamlet expresses himself in rhetorical questions which seem to qualify his momentary certainty. And only minutes later, as th e last encounter approaches, his reluctance to tell all ("Thou wouldst not think how ill all's here about my heart; but it is no matter," ll. 208-09) and a further intrusion of vigorous and baffling wordplay cloud over these ultimate issues once more. Immediately before the King and Queen enter on stage, Hamlet's words, spoken as he again finds himself alone with Horatio, are so tricky--or perhaps tricksy--that they baffled the original compositors of the text and have set modern editors at variance.14 Neither the Quarto nor Folio makes sense and various emendations have been proposed. No/knows; has/owes; leave/leaves; ought/all; of what/of ought, all collide and change places with each other in the different versions. Today a text might read, "Since no man, of aught he leaves, knows aught, what is't to leave betimes?" or "Since no man of ought he leaves, knows, what is't to leave . . .," or ". . . no man owes aught of what he leaves, what is't . . .," or ". . . no man knows of aught he leaves, what is't . . . ." (Was the speech ever absolutely clear in Shakespeare's autograph manuscript, or in his head?) With Hamlet's next words, as trumpet and drums [page 24] announce the King's arrival, the play's hero contrives yet another avo idance-tactic, refusing to talk further with a surprisingly curt "Let be.

English Journal Essay

â€Å"Within the diamond haze of the beach something dark was fumbling along. Ralph saw it first and watched till the intentness of his gaze drew all eyes that way. Then the creature stepped from mirage on to clear sand, and they saw that the darkness was not all shadow but mostly clothing. The creature was a party of boys, marching approximately in step in two parallel lines and dressed in strangely eccentric clothing. † (Golding 1954, Ch. 1, p. 19) | This analysis explores the literary feature characterization. In this passage of the novel Golding describes the setting as â€Å"the diamond haze of the beach† to make the reader experience darkness and mystery, as if the reader is actually there. But not just the setting is important in this passage. The author’s choice of words to characterize the choir boys is impeccable. In this quotation the readers see the mysterious â€Å"creature† coming closer and closer to the two boys, Ralph and Piggy. Golding uses imagery to make the reader experience this spooky event. It is evident in the phrase â€Å"Then the creature stepped from mirage on to clear sand, and they saw that the darkness was not all shadow but mostly clothing. † By using the noun â€Å"creature†, Golding instills a scary, horrifying appearance to the group of boys. Also, he uses the word â€Å"mirage† to provide the reader with a mysterious, almost horror-like feeling as the group comes closer and closer. These nouns signify mysteriousness and darkness, providing the readers with a spooky, eerie atmosphere which helps us understand that the group of boys seem dangerous. This passage is taken from the author’s point-of-view and it makes a great impact on the reader. | â€Å"That’s enough! † said Ralph sharply, and snatched back the conch. â€Å"If you didn’t you didn’t. â€Å"-then you come up here an’ pinch my specs-† Jack turned on him. â€Å"You shut up! †(Golding 1954, Ch. 2, p. 46)| This analysis explores the literary feature imagery. In this dialogue of the novel Golding shows an argument between Ralph, the leader, and the other boys. The author uses words and phrases like †You shut up! † and â€Å"That’s enough! † to stress the harshness and seriousness of the situation to the reader. By using â€Å"enough! † the author deeply signifies the disturbance and frustration that Ralph is experiencing as pack leader. Jack is also portrayed as rude and bossy by using the phrase â€Å"You shut up! † This makes the reader feel a scuffle going on between the two, as if two factions are ready to be formed. This short passage shapes the theme â€Å"Inherent evil within humanity† as a whole by giving the reader a rude argument scene to show that there is inherent evil within humanity. | â€Å"Don’t you want to be rescued? All you can talk about is pig, pig, pig! â€Å"But we want meat! † â€Å"And I work all day with nothing but Simon and you come back and don’t even notice the huts! † (Golding 1954, Ch. 3, p. 54) | This analysis explores the literary feature characterization. In this passage of the novel Golding shows Ralph gives a rap on the knuckles to all those who didn’t participate in the hard-working day. By using the words â€Å"don’t even notice†, Golding wants the reader to experience the anger that Ralph has for these children. He states that he â€Å"work all day with nothing but Simon†, which means no child wants to do the hard work, except for those who actually are optimistic and think they have chance to leave this island. The other children’s egoistic behavior becomes problematic for the faction to develop any further. Golding emphasizes the state of stress Ralph is in as the leader of a faction in this sentence: â€Å"And I work all day with nothing but Simon and you come back and don’t even notice the huts! †This passage in the novel is used to let the reader the reader there are lots of egoistic people in the world and that it is very hard to get those people to work. By mentioning the repetition â€Å"pig, pig, pig!†, the children make themselves seem as they only about their personal lives, rather than the life of the faction. | â€Å"Roger and Maurice came out of the forest. They were relieved from duty at the fire and had come down for a swim. Roger led the way straight through the castles, kicking them over, burying the flowers, scattering the chosen stones. Maurice followed, laughing, and added to the destruction. † (Golding 1954, Ch. 4, p. 60)| This analysis explores the literary features setting and characterization. In this passage of novel Golding makes it known that the quietness of the forest is disturbed by using verbs like â€Å"burying†, â€Å"kicking†, â€Å"scattering†. These words add to the destructive mood of the passage. Also, the setting is described as horrendous, menacing, and violent because one of the boys, Maurice in particular, laughs during this passage, meaning his carelessness towards the forest may result in shortage of necessary figures for their faction. Golding makes this scene stick out like a sore thumb because of the complete indiscretion that Roger and Maurice caused to the forest.

Cultural Diversity – All Clients Who Seek Health Care Services

INTRODUCTION Crime is an act or omission prohibited and punished by law (The Collins Concise Dictionary Plus, Collins London and Glasgow 1990). Crime can be committed against a person, place or company. In this essay 4 types of crimes will be explained, defined and measured, along with prevalence and offender/victim characteristics. How do we define property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? †¢ Property crimes are defined and categorised as household and vehicle theft, burglary, arson, theft including shoplifting, pick pocketing, bag snatching, graffiti and vandalism Violent crimes, being homicide, kidnapping/abduction, assault, sexual assault, stalking, domestic violence and child abuse against a person †¢ White-collar crimes defined as crimes or activities that include theft, fraud, deception, embezzlement harmful behaviours, environmental or health and safety hazards †¢ Internet crimes consisting of cyber-crimes, piracy, frauds, identi ty theft, cyber-stalking, computer hacking and hate/harmful speech and obscene imagery. Also read: Essay Snatch TheftWhat are property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? Example of property crimes is breaking into a car and the stealing of a mobile phone, trespassing into a property to commit an offence or the setting of fire to property. Unlike Property crimes, violent crimes are committed against a person and as such explained as the indecent assault of a person/s against their will, taking a life with or without intent to kill, taking of a person against their will or threats, force or violence against person. In general there is no agreed definition for white-collar crime. Rather, the term covers a range of criminal activities or breach of regulatory activities undertaken by highly regarded professionals/educated professional in positions of trust such as employer provides inadequate working conditions causing serious personal injury to employees or company director misleads shareholders about its financials and continues to operate reg ardless of its inability to pay debt.Internet crime is explained as the unauthorised access of and taking of financial records or sabotage of a persons computer, illegal downloading of movies or songs and bogus websites set up to entice the unsuspecting person to give access to their personal details and accounts. How do we measure property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? We can measure detected and reported property crime via administrative data.Administrative data gives a high level of property crime reporting, mainly because there is less fear or shame from reporting of property crimes and also police reports are often required for insurance reporting requirements. Its limitation is it does not encompass undetected and unreported crime known as the ‘dark figure’ of crime (Coleman & Moynihan, 1996). Detected and reported violent crime can be measured using administrative data. Violent crime can also be measured by victimization and res earcher surveys where victims do not report crime for various reasons such as victims often knowing the offender and/or fear of reprisal.The Australian Bureau of Statistics Administrative data on crime victimisation can be derived from a number of sources including police, hospitals and community service agencies. Internet crimes have considerable lower reporting under administrative data due to the non detection or victims unaware they have been a victim of internet crime. We can measure internet crime by surveys such as victimization surveys or measurement against the ongoing extent of the crime.White-collar crime with the exception of fraud under criminal law is extremely difficult to measure due to the complexity of each crime/activity, some activities are regarded as regulatory and not criminal and the interpretations of a crime/activity can be perceived differently among victims. This type of crime/activity is generally picked up through regulatory audits, routine checks and i nvestigation units such as specialized crime departments, police fraud or relevant regulators. Regardless of the different types of data and surveys available, no one reporting measure gives a true indicative picture of crime.How do we gather data on property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? Reported property crime and violent crime data can be gathered by using official crime statistics, police reports, corrective service reports, higher, magistrates’ and children’s courts of Australia, reports and insurance reports. Undetected and unreported data for violent crime data can be gathered via qualitative methods and quantitative surveys. Some examples of such are The National Youth Survey, The Rand Tri-State Inmate Survey, The Liverpool Desistance Study, Snowball sampling, organizational and observational data.Researchers also gather data from past, present and/or incarcerated offenders as well as the general public which provide informati on not only about the prevalence of undetected and unreported crime but why people commit crimes. Gathering data on internet crime is difficult. Surveys such as the 2005 Australian computer crimes and security survey, conducted by AusCERT, Australian High Tech Crime Centre and various state, territory and federal police agencies provide an indicative sample.Researchers gather data from white-collar crimes through administrative data such as criminal fraud reports, victimization surveys, state and territory police agencies as well as the Australian Payments Clearing Association. Apart from fraud, gathering data on white-collar crime is extremely difficult as most victims don’t report. What crime/activities have occurred is gathered via reports from police and security agencies and government reports. Some activities are written off by the victim in the hope that the behaviour/incident is not repeated.What do we know about the typical offenders and victims of property crime, vi olent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime? There appears to be overwhelming evidence from research that supports the conclusion that age is a factor within property crime characteristics. There is a significantly higher representation that occurs in middle to late adolescence and subsides in early adulthood for property crime. This is thought to be associated with â€Å"adolescent rebelliousness†. An overlooked characteristic of youth is that they are also more likely, statistically, to be victims of crime.The majority of crime victims are male under the age of 25. This is different to the popular belief that would suggest otherwise. It is often perceived that older people have a greater risk however, surveys have identified that older people, and in particular women appear to be more fearful of crime not victims of crime. Violent crime has a gender differentiated nature. Data suggests that approximately 80% of crimes are committed by males and 90% of violent crimes are committed by males. This is supported by convictions and prison populations. To understand the victims, it needs to be broken down to more specific categories of violent crimes.For example, males tend to be victims of murder or attempted murder and assault, female are disproportionately represented as victims of sexual assault, kidnapping/abduction. Although males appear to be highly represented in both offenders and victim categories of violent crime, this does not appear to be the case within categories of white-collar crime such as fraud. The ratio of female offenders to male offenders is higher than that of any other category with ratio of two thirds male to one third female. There also appears to be an unusual relationship between repeat offenders and repeat victims.Many victims are victimised repeatedly. It is suggested that residencies with low occupation rates are often the target of repeat burglaries. Prison populations also suggest a disproportionately higher populatio n of repeat offenders. There appears to be little data that describes the victims or offenders in relation to internet crime. However, it could be hypothesized that a great proportion of male offenders would also be represented within this category. How much property crime, violent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime is there in our community?Crime statistics for our local community has been drawn from Victorian Police region 4 statistics. Statistics for postcode 3129, within this region for 2008 and 2009 using per 100,000 population suggests property damage, theft of and from motor vehicles and residential burglary had reduced substantially but violent crimes including crimes against the person and assault had increased. Internet crimes and white-collar crimes were not available. Statistics for the state of Victoria indicated property crime such as robbery, burglary and theft or and from motor vehicles was down where as violent crimes such as assault had increased.Is prope rty crime, violent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime on the rise, is it stable or is it declining? Allowing for variations within reporting methods and survey results, there appears to be stable evidence that recorded crime statistics show property crime declining for recorded break and enter or burglary and other theft including pick pocketing, bag snatching, shoplifting and bicycle theft. There also appears to be an increase in motor vehicle theft between 1996 and 2001 followed by a decline from 2001-2008.Recording rates for other theft in 2008 as with previous years suggests that it remains the most commonly reported property crime. Violent crime statistics indicate assaults as the most recorded since 1996, kidnapping statistics fluctuated from 1996 – 2008, homicide statistics also fluctuated but continued to be the 2nd lowest recorded and although the least recorded, there has been an overall increase on sexual assault since 1996. CONCLUSION There appears to be no uniform measurement system for measuring crime. This leads to inconsistencies within the gathered data and the inability to compare between categories, regions and states.Notwithstanding the inaccuracies within the measurement system, property crime is largest represented category and at this stage internet crime has little representation within the data. Whilst we would love to agree with the typical media characterization of an offender, we cannot due to large variations within the data. However, we can suggest the most likely offender would be a young male adolescent committing a property crime. References Collins London and Glasgow (1990) The Collins Concise Dictionary Plus p. 299 Victoria Police News. My Police Crime Statistics for Your Area. Retrieved from http://www. icpolicenews. com. au/index. php? option=com_statistics&task=search Hennessey Hayes and Tim Prenzler (2009) An Introduction to Crime and Criminology 2nd Edition Pearson Education Australia Australian Institut e of Criminology. Selected Crime Profiles. Retrieved from http://www. aic. gov. au/en/publications/current%20series/facts/1-20/2009/2%20selected%20crime%20profiles. aspx Last modified 18 August 2009 Australian Institute of Criminology. Recorded Crime. Retrieved from http://www. aic. gov. au/publications/current%20series/facts/1-20/2009/1%20recorded%20crime. aspx. Last modified 17 March 2010